Scientific method experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scientific method experiment - Essay Example 56) To establish this, the experimentalist used four samples of five gases namely; Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon Dioxide and Sulfur Hexafluoride. He used other tools such as four testing tubes, a top- loading balance and a syringe. The experimentalist measured a volume of 50ml of each of the gas samples. By using the syringe and the balance, the experimentalist calculated the weights of each of the 50ml-sample. He observed that although the samples were of the same size, they weighed different. The vacuum weighed 0.00g Oxygen 0.54g, Hydrogen 0.11gm , Carbon Dioxide .088g and Sulfur Hexafluoride 0 .263g (Pandey et al. 56) The explanation behind this is that heavier gas samples have larger weight than the lighter ones. The gas sample cannot have more weight in this experiment as a result of change in the volume of the samples. Therefore, the change must be linked to the mass of the particles of the gas. On plotting the molecular weights against the experimental weights, the experimentalist found out that it was a straight line. This is as a result of the correlation between the mass of the constant samples and the molecular mass. Therefore, this leads to the accepting the hypothesis that it is possible to determine the molecular mass of a sample of gas simply by measuring the constant quantity against an already determined linear relationship Pandey et al.

Project II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project II - Essay Example alize that there is actually a net surplus that is left after accounting for all the fixed expenses, which represented about 40.48% of net income; and the variable expenses amounting to 47.62%. It simply gives the family more leeway in terms of adjusting the variable expenses when time comes that we need to minimize some expenses to give way to more important priorities. The projected income is easy to determine as no other sources were currently eminent. The income from salaries of both my husband and me as teachers comprises the basic cash in which is easy to establish on a monthly or yearly basis. On the other hand, cash expenses are composed of several different items, and the expenses are clearly classified into fixed and variable expenses. Some could be established as regular fixed expenses which do not differ on a monthly basis. On the other hand, other expenses such as food, savings for emergency purposes and miscellaneous expenses differ depending on diversity of needs and requirements of family members across time. I therefore learned that a substantial portion of our family income is spent on different needs but somehow, by managing to allot a small amount for emergency purposes and still be able to maintain some surplus, we could be able to meet unforeseen and unanticipated expenses and could plan for future financial goals. From the income and expense developed in September, the same income and expenses are expected in October, except for the additional savings needed as outlined in the financial goals worksheet in Part I, where the long term goal of a vacation in Hawaii, life insurance of children, and funds to be earmarked for the coming Christmas vacation need to be allotted as additional savings. These amounts were taken from the net surplus of $750. When the additional savings are taken out, only $54.17 will remain. One intends to use a computer spreadsheet (Excel) to record and continue monitoring the income and expenses, as well as managing

Edward Snowden Essay Example for Free

Edward Snowden Essay One of the biggest leaks in U. S happened this month. Edward Joseph Snowden leaked information about the government and and they are, a former technical contractor and CIA employee who worked for Booz Allen Hamilton a contractor for the NSA, before leaking details of classified NSA mass surveillance programs to the press. Snowden shared classified material on a variety of top-secret NSA programs, including the interception of US telephone metadata and the PRISM surveillance program, primarily with Glenn Greenwald of The Guardian, which published a series of exposes based on Snowdens disclosures in June 2013. Snowden said the leaks were an effort to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them† The individual responsible for one of the most significant leaks in US political history is Edward Snowden, a 29-year-old former technical assistant for the CIA and current employee of the defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton. Snowden has been working at the National Security Agency for the last four years as an employee Snowdens alleged leaks are said to rank among the most significant breaches in the history of the NSA. [8] Matthew M. Aid, an intelligence historian in Washington, said disclosures linked to Snowden have confirmed longstanding suspicions that NSAs surveillance in this country is far more intrusive than we knew. [8] On June 14, 2013, US federal prosecutors filed a sealed complaint, made public on June 21,[9][10] charging Snowden with theft of government property, unauthorized communication of national defense information and willful communication of classified intelligence with an unauthorized person; the latter two allegations are under the Espionage Act. [11] Father of Edward Snowden Urges Son Not To Commit Treason, to Return Home The father of the former NSA contractor who leaked details of the governments massive Internet- and phone-tracking programs made an impassioned plea to his son to stop leaking, telling Fox News that I hope, I pray he does not do anything considered treasonous. Lon Snowden spoke at length with Fox News about his son Edwards decision to leak sensitive security details about U. S. intelligence-gathering operations. While defending his sons integrity and criticizing the government, he pleaded with his son who is thought to be weathering the political storm from a location in Hong Kong to return home and not to leak more information. I hope, I pray and I ask that you will not release any secrets that could constitute treason, Snowden told Fox News, in a message meant for his sons ears. He added: I sense that youre under much stress [from] what Ive read recently, and [ask] that you not succumb to that stress and make a bad decision. Further, Snowden said he would rather see his son return to the U.  S. and face the U. S. justice system than stay abroad. I would like to see Ed come home and face this. I shared that with the government when I spoke with them. I love my son, he told Fox News Eric Bolling. Snowden claimed there are some people who want him to cross that line and do something that constitutes treason, or they would like to see him disappear. But Snowden said hes sure that the moment he landed that there would be a line of attorneys waiting to defend him. Edward Snowden himself did not voice that level of confidence. During a live online chat hosted by Guardian. com on Monday, Snowden said he doesnt think he would receive a fair trial in the U. S. The U. S. Government, just as they did with other whistle-blowers, immediately and predictably destroyed any possibility of a fair trial at home, openly declaring me guilty of treason and that the disclosure of secret, criminal and even unconstitutional acts is an unforgivable crime. Thats not justice, and it would be foolish to volunteer yourself to it if you can do more good outside of prison than in it, he said during the chat. Snowden also claimed he did not reveal any U. S. operations against legitimate military targets, but rather NSA efforts against civilian infrastructure. Snowden has emerged at the center of one of the biggest security leaks in U. S. history. After The Guardian news organization and Washington Post reported on government programs that monitor massive troves of phone and Internet records, Snowden was revealed as the source of that information. According to The Guardian, Snowden continues to provide sensitive information The Guardian most recently reported on a British effort to hack into foreign diplomats phones and emails during conferences, citing Snowden as the source. Snowden could face serious charges if he returns to the U. S. Former Vice President Dick Cheney called Snowden a traitor on Fox News Sunday. But others have praised his decision to come forward, citing the civil liberties at stake. Lon Snowden said he was saddened by his sons decision, but criticized the government for the surveillance efforts his son helped expose. Some people are suggesting that whats occurring is very similar to every morning the government walks up to your mailbox, or afternoon. They pull the envelopes out. They open them. They look at your mail. They copy it. They archive it in case they wanna look at it sometime in the future in case you do something wrong sometime in the future. They re-seal the envelopes, they put them back in your mailbox. And they do it every day over and over and over again. He continued: I dont want them reading my email. If we say, Oh my gosh, were going to have to sacrifice our freedoms because of the threat of terrorism, well, the terrorists have already won, because its our freedoms that make us Americans. He said hes concerned his son is in peril, but voiced confidence that if he returns to the U. S. , that would be best. I have faith in our justice system applied correctly, absolutely. You know, I would rather my son be a prisoner in the U. S. than a free man in a country that did not have the freedoms that are protected in the U. S. , he said. He complained there are a lot of misconceptions about his son, including speculation about why he chose to stay in Hong Kong. Snowden said his son was simply comfortable there and with Asian culture in general, since he used to live in Japan. As for media reports that hes a high-school dropout, he explained that his son actually had an illness during his sophomore year likely mono. But after he dropped out, he said his son completed his high-school equivalency and went on to take college courses. He said he last saw his son on April 4. Wed gone out to dinner, he said, adding that his son seemed to be carrying a burden. We hugged as we always do. He said, I love you Dad. I said, I love you, Ed. And I expected to see him see him again, Snowden recalled. Fox News Eric Bolling contributed to this report.

Forensic In Digital Security Information Technology Essay

Forensic In Digital Security Information Technology Essay Computer forensic is a branch of forensic science that involves largely around computer crimes and legal evidence that pertain and revolve around digital evidence. The main aim of computer forensics is to explain the current state of the digital artifact and to provide analysis on the data as evidence to the court. Acquisition of evidence from the scene of crime A police officer or investigator upon receiving the laptop from the parents should first establish if the laptop is switch on or not. If the laptop is running perform a force shutdown by holding down onto the power button and take out the battery. If the laptop is showing clear signs of data of apparent evidentiary value onscreen. The police officer should first seek trained technical personnel who have experience and training in capturing and preserving volatile data before proceeding. The police investigator would also immediately shutdown the laptop through irregular shutdown if there is any sign or indication of activity onscreen indicating data is being overwritten or deleting. Indication of destructive process is being performed on the computer data storage system. This is to ensure that no further evidence is being lost or being tamper. The investigator would also need to check if there is any disk in the disk drive and take a picture of the disc on the disc drive before putting into the anti static bag. The investigator would next place tapes across all disk drives so that no media would be placed in the disk drives. The investigator would also place tapes on the power button on the laptop. This is to ensure that no the evidence would not be tamper in order to preserve the integrity of the data. Documentation If there is cables and wires attached to the laptop. The investigator would also uniquely label, document and take pictures of the wires, cables and devices connected to the laptop. If there is devices attach at the other end of the cables it would also be photographed and documented of it being connected to the laptop. The device, cables and wires would then be individually documented and photographed before putting in the evidence bag. The documentation of the evidences should also include a detail record of the notebook brand, model, serial number, attachments on the notebook and it current state. The surrounding environment where it was being use should be also photograph as evidence. If the notebook is running photographing the screen help in visually documenting the state of it and what was running upon the initial response. Taking photos of front, side and back of the computer. A photograph of the notebook and the surrounding environment and the devices connected help in the reconstruction of the setup should the notebook need to be taken to the lab for further investigation. Documentation is important as it allow the court to verify that correct forensic procedures are being adopt and undertaken. It also effectively allows the recreation of the activities that are performed during the initial response. Evidence Custody Form An evidence custody form is also necessary in order to proof the chain of custody has been in place. As it proof that proper custody of the evidence and the state of the evidence upon custody to proof that proper forensic evidence has been taken place. Handling Digital Evidence All potential evidence should be à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bag- and-tagà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  refers to the process of placing crime scene evidence into bags and tagging them with single or multi evidence form. This help in withholding the chain of custody and also the integrity of the evidence. Evidence should be kept in anti-static bags to prevent damage through electrostatic discharge. Computer manuals of the laptop if there are any would also be taken for reference in the lab. A copy of the hard disk image will also be created using programs and also generating of a hash sum to check for consistency or integrity in it. The copy data would then be handed to the appropriate party assisting in the investigations. The source copy would be retained in a locked room with limited or restricted access and kept in anti static bags. This is to ensure that there is a chain of command in place and that the source data is always available and not tamper. In order to preserve the main copy evidence and also allow recreation of procedures if necessary. Transportation When transporting digital evidence, the investigator or the first responder should take note in preserving of the evidence state. The first responder should always keep digital evidence away from magnetic fields produced by radio transmitters, magnet or any other form of magnetic field that might affect the state of the evidence. Potential hazards like heat, cold, humidity or static electricity should be taken note. While transportation, mobile phones should always be kept in faraday isolation bag. Storage Digital evidence should be stored in a secure, climate-controlled environment that is not subject to extreme temperature or humidity that might damage hardware. Digital evidence should not also be expose to magnetic fields, moisture, dust or vibration that might affect the state of the evidence or destroying it. Evidence custody form should also be use to identifies the evidence, who has handled it and the date. Hardware resources for analyzing notebook Hardware Resources The hardware and tools that needed to analyze a notebook are: Laptop Large-Capacity disk drive IDE ribbon cable, 36 inch Linux Live CD ( Backtrack 4.0 ) Laptop IDE 40- to 44 pin adapter Write-blocker Anti static evidence bag Evidence log form Firewire or USB dual write-protect external bay IDE disk drive box Faraday isolation bag ( For cell phone ) Architectural differences between a notebook and desktop One of the key differences between notebook and desktop are that due to the size of the desktop and it ability to be customized the hardware generally follow a certain guidelines or rules. This make forensic easier on desktop as the tools available are able to process most desktop computers. However with notebooks becoming more common in today society tools that are commonly use for desktop are required to be modified and change. The main architecture difference is that a notebook being compact and much smaller in size requires hardware to be much smaller, like the motherboard, ram, and hard disk. Also with some manufacturer installing drivers on their laptop for certain function eg. Webcam, biometric fingerprint scanner set a level of difficulty in investigation as some of this program might not be able to run on a different computer system without the appropriate driver. The difference in architecture of laptop and computer requires different forensic technique and procedures. The interface of an IDE laptop hard disk for instance due to manufacturer maybe smaller than a normal 40 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ pin ATA ribbon connector. As due to the constraint of a laptop size the hard disk might be smaller. The internal structure of a laptop is much more delicate so it is much harder for the investigator to get the hard disks and component for imaging or storage as evidence. Smaller size laptop known as netbooks are not installed with a CD Rom drive unlike a desktop computer due to their restriction in size. This further complicate forensic process which certain forensic tools that required live CD are not able to be use. This would require the use of USB thumb drive loaded with the OS in order to extract images and information. Laptop unlike Desktop computer also does not allow the use of more than one hard disk at the same time. So imaging process of hard disk would take longer time as it cannot be done simultaneously. Most laptops do not allow the use of CD-Rom and the floppy disk at the same time. Unlike the Computer desktop system this complicates the process of common tools used for desktop. Forensic Tool for Disk Imaging FTK Imager and DCFLdd command would be use for imaging. FTK Imager is a forensic windows based acquisition tool found in various forensic toolkits like HELIX , SANS SIFT Workstation and FTK Toolkit. FTKImager support storage of disk image in EnCase or Smart file format and dd format. With Isobuster technology being built in it, it allows FTKImager to image CD to a ISO/CUE file combination. DCFLDD is an enhanced version of dd it allows hashing for the transmitted data, wiping of disk with known patterns and verifying that the image is identical to the harddisk, using bits. It can also split into multiple files, logs and data can also be piped into external applications. The use of two different imaging software with it generated hash value allow comparison in order to ensure that there is consistency and integrity in the hash value of both image. Additional evidence for clues to victim whereabouts It is important to obtain as much information as possible from the surrounding environment as they might be crucial to investigation and solving of the case. As they might be able to provide a clue to the time line, possible password phrases, that might help in aiding the steps in investigations and step. Additional evidence might include papers with possible password phrases, handwritten notes, blank pads of paper with impression of prior writing on it. Hardwares, software manuals and documentations. Calendars, literature or graphic material these form of materials and article should be treated as possible evidences and preserved in compliance with department policies or protocols. Preserving integrity of digital evidence Hashing is a method for reducing large input into a smaller input. Common hashing algorithm like MD5 and SHA-1 are commonly used to check the integrity of the data as evidence for the court. It is required to have 3 independent checks on the consistency of the image to be computed and recorded for further reference and support as evidence in court. The first check would be against any tool that is running. The second check would be after the disk image duplicate is complete to check that there is consistency in the disk images. The last check would be the consistency of the recipient data image against the source data. Bad File Headers In most file the file headers contain identifying information for the computer to recognize it. Image file headers are often manipulated to trick investigator into overlooking it. The user would often change the file header into different format eg. JPEG to DOC file format. If a forensic investigator were to conduct a search on the machine for pictures, he would simply see it as a doc file and skip it. Another reason is that examining recovered data remnants from file in slack or free space. The file header might be damage and cannot be readable. Thus there is a need to examined it file header using a HEX editor in order to repair it for it be able to view. Source Phillips, Amelia, Nelson, Bill, Enfinger, Frank. (2005).  Guide to computer forensics and investigations. Course Technology Ptr Electronic Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for First Responders, Second Edition by National Institute of Justice April 2008 Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section Criminal Division, United States Department of Justice. Searching and Seizing Computers and Obtaining Electronic Evidence in Criminal Investigations. http://www.cybercrime.gov/ssmanual2002.htm

Joseph Henry Essay -- essays research papers fc

Joseph Henry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Henry lived from 1797 to 1878. Of Scottish decent, Henry was a son of a day laborer in Albany, New York. He was sent to live with his grandmother as a small boy in a village about 40 miles from Albany. At the age of thirteen, be became apprenticed to a watchmaker. He then became interested in theatre and was offered employment as a professional actor, but instead he attended Albany Academy where he was provided with free tuition. He has always been interested in science and by 1823 his education was very far advanced that he was assisting the teaching of science courses. By 1826, after a shift as a district schoolteacher and as a private tutor, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Albany Academy. With all these titles and positions eh received, Joseph Henry still managed to do important scientific experiments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Henry became specifically interested in terrestrial magnetism. His interest in this led him to experiment with electromagnetism. His apprenticeship as a watchmaker stood him in a good stead in the construction of batteries and other contraptions. Although there had been other physicists who had observed the magnetic effects from electrical currents, Henry was the first to wind insulated wires around an iron core to obtain powerful electromagnets. Before he left Albany, he built one for Yale that would lift 2,300 pounds, which was the largest in the wor...

The Effects of World War II on Kurt Vonneguts Writing :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Effects of World War II on Kurt Vonnegut's Writing February 13, 1945: Dresden, Germany. War is raging across Europe. In a deep underground meat locker beneath Schlacthof-Funf, Slaughterhouse Five, 100 American prisoners and their six German guards feel the Earth move as Royal Air Force bombers lay wreckage to the city above. They can only hear the mass terror as the greatest slaughter in European history takes place, killing an estimated 135,000 civilians and destroying cathedrals, museums, parks, and even the zoo. In the morning, after the carnage has ended, the prisoners are put to work excavating bombed-out buildings to search for the dead. One of those Americans was none other than Private Kurt Vonnegut, Junior. Vonnegut's experiences in World War II were to haunt him the rest of his life, and were to feature prominently within his writing. Two of his novels, Mother Night and Slaughterhouse Five, take place almost entirely within Hitler's Germany. The latter is perhaps Vonnegut's most autobiographical work to date, the action occurring in and around Slaughterhouse Five, the very hellhole in which he toiled for his captors. The former is no doubt less autobiographical, but the main character certainly has many things in common with his creator: an American artist within Nazi Germany, doing what he felt was necessary to stay alive and to further his work. Mother Night, ironically, was not brought about as much by Vonnegut's exposure to the Nazis in Dresden, but more from his impressions and experiences in the mid-West during the Thirties, when American Nazis were rampant in Indianapolis and his own aunt encountered the new race laws of the German Germans, but it no doubt drew heavily upon his experiences at the hands of Nazi captors and his time spent in their land. Even in the stories that do not actively portray the

Room 101 Speech

â€Å"Don’t Get Me Started On†¦ † Adverts. There like marmite, you either love them or hate them and I personally hate them. Whether its adverts on the television or in a magazine, they are all irritating and pointless. Its TV adverts that are the worst though. You’re sitting at home watching Titanic on ITV, when Kate Winslet whispers her lasts words to Leonardo- ‘I will never let go’, and releases him into the depths of the Atlantic. You’re sniveling becomes sobbing, the tears begin to flow and then Stacey Solomon’s voice ruins the atmosphere, advertising the latest frozen mini cheesecakes on the infamous Iceland advert.Your grief soon turns to anger and you think it can’t get any worse, until your hear the nauseating line ‘that’s why mum’s go to Iceland! ’ The emotional moment has gone and you have to sit through two to three minutes of boring adverts. There are hundreds of these irritating adver ts. From the go compare advert to the auto glass- the list goes on! It’s not just the emotional or romantic atmosphere they ruin either, it’s the suspense, drama or great sporting moment that you miss. Like when you’re watching a great episode of Midsummer Murders and you just are about to find out who murdered the teacher and the adverts appear.They are beyond annoying. More than anything, it’s the catch phrases and little jingles that are most annoying. I don’t know how many days ‘Go compare’ has been ringing in my ears for after just the first word of the famous advert. A lot of the adverts are advertising pointless things that people see so many times that they don’t care for the latest insurance comparison website and when it comes to it a lot of people just to Google for help. We all rush out, purses and wallets in hand; handing over ridiculous amounts of money for something we don’t even need and doesn’t wor k but that the advert makes look easy.How much does it say about the products that they have to use sneaky methods to sell them? Its quite sickening when you see adverts that are aimed at people’s fears and worries. The Pensions and Life Insurance that won’t actually pay you out any more money than you’ve paid in and that you took out because of the tear-jerking advert full of puppies and sickly sweet children. They seem to guilt trip you into giving over money and it’s not that I don’t feel sorry for them, it’s just in the middle of a programmes isn’t the right time.To stand out from the rest, companies enlist famous people to appear in their adverts or do voice overs. But these celebrities already earn thousands of pounds and, for example, Gary Lineker on the Walkers adverts is an ex footballer who probably wasn’t even allowed to eat the crisps when he was working is advertising a fatty food that is already famous and the mon ey only goes to contributing towards his next sports car, surely the ridiculous amount of money spent on these adverts could go to better causes, after all its probably my money that pays for it and I don’t even watch it!I’m not the only one that hates adverts also, research shows that a massive 91% of people agree with us, saying adverts ruin television programmes and a huge 79% of people asked said they wished advertisements were banned! Some people find adverts useful and say it gives them time to go to the toilet or make a cup of tea, but in an hour long programme there are four breaks. Surely people don’t need to get up four times, (every 15 minutes) to do these ‘useful’ things. Furthermore, adverts are simply to advertise different products or services.But who actually watches them? Not me, and I’m not the only one. 94% of people don’t pay any attention to the adverts, and 86% of these people change the channel over whilst these adverts are on. So, adverts, they do nothing but annoy people, they ruin programmes and people don’t even watch them. Therefore they aren’t even fulfilling the purpose of them nor are the putting money to good use and they are socially irresponsible. All of this together means room 101 is the only place for them, clearly.